ABSTRACT
Aims: Selective enumeration, isolation and characterization of lactic acid bacteria from different raw milk sources with special elucidation to lactic acid production. Study Design: Serial dilution for strain isolation from raw milk samples to be done followed by complete morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization aiming to study the microbial behavior to ferment different sugar and producing lactic acid as end product. Place and Duration of Study: Microbiology Biotechnology Laboratory, Tropilite Foods Pvt. Ltd. Gwalior (M.P)-INDIA from Sep 2012 to April 2013. Methodology: Milk samples from cow, sheep, goat, camel and buffalo were collected from the surrounding area of Gwalior district of Madhya Pradesh, India, from local milk suppliers. 13 potent strains in terms of lactic acid production were selected for analysis. Gram Staining, Catalase activity, Sugar fermentation, growth at high (45ºC) and low (10ºC) temperatures along with growth in different NaCl concentrations was observed with all isolates. Significant molecular characterization was done to determine the homology between different isolates of lactic acid bacteria. Results and Conclusion: Five potent lactic acid bacteria strains Streptococcus thermophilus from goat milk, Lactococcus lactis from buffalo milk, Streptococcus gallolyticus from camel milk, Streptococcus thermophilus from cow milk, Lactobacillus delbrueckii from sheep milk were identified capable of producing lactic acid in generous amount. Also all isolated strains from goat milk were found efficient in terms of lactic acid production when compared to other raw milk sources.
ABSTRACT
Gymnema sylvestre (Asclepiadaceae) also known as ‘gurmar’ or ‘sugar destroyer’ is a woody, climbing traditional medicinal herb which has many therapeutic applications in Ayurvedic system of medicine. It is used for lowering serum cholesterol, triglycerides and blood glucose level (hypoglycemic or antihyperglycemic), hypolipidaemic, weight loss, stomach ailments, constipation, water retention and liver diseases, either high or low blood pressure, tachycardia or arrhythmias, and used as aperitive, purgative, in eye troubles, antiinflammatory, smooth muscle relaxant, prevention of dental caries, cataract and as anticancer-cytotoxic agent. Its flowers, leaves, and fruits contains alkaloids, flavones, saponins, sapogenins, anthraquinones, hentri-acontane, pentatriacontane, α and β-chlorophylls, phytin, resins, d-quercitol, tartaric acid, formic acid, butyric acid, lupeol, β-amyrin related glycosides and stigmasterol having main principle bioactive compunds viz. gymnemic acids, gymnemasides, gymnemagenin, gurmarin, gymnemosides, gymnemanol, gymnemasins, gypenoside, and conduritol which act as therapeutic agent and play vital role in many therapeutic applications. Gymnemic acids are thought to be responsible for its antidiabetic activity and it is the major component of an extract shown to stimulate insulin release from the pancreas. Another anti-sweet agent gumarin is utilized as a pharmacological tool in the study of sweet-taste transduction. The commercial exploitation of this plant and their secondary metabolites are some of the major prospective of this rare medicinal herb. The focus of the present review is to achieve the potential of therapeutic value of this herb and mechanism and action of their secondary metabolites.